Iranian Invasion

 IRANIAN INVASION ( PERSIAN)

• During the first half the sixth century BC, there were several small principalities in the north west India such as those of the kambojas gandharas and Madras.
• These are did not have any powerful kingdom like magadha.
• Wealth and easy to enter through the passes of hindukush.
• The Iranian ruler Darius penetrated into northwest India in 516 BC and annexed punjab and Sindh.
• This area constituted the twentieth province or satrapy of Iran ( total 28 provinces).
• The Indian satrapy included Sindh, the northwest frontier and the port of Punjab that lay to the west of the Indus. It was most fertile and populous part of the empire.
• It paid the tribute of 360 talents of gold.
• Indian subjects were enrolled in Iranian army and xerxes employed indian in war against Greeks.
• India continued to be a part of the Iranian empire till Alexander's invention of India.

Results

• The indo-iranian contact latest for about 200yesrs.
• The Iranian scribes brought into india a form of writing which came to be known as the kharosthi script. It was written from right to left like the Arabic.
• Iranian influence on the Maurya sculpture is clearly perceptible.
• The monuments of Ashoka's time especially the bell shaped capital,owed something to the Iranian models.
• Iranian influence may also be traced in the preamble of Ashoka's edicts as well as in certain terms used in them for instance, for the Iranian term dipi, the Ashokan scribe used the term lipi.
• It seems that through the Iranians the Greeks came to know about the great wealth of India, which whetted their greed and eventually led to Alexander's invention.

 MAGADHA EMPIRE (NANDA DYNASTY)

• Nanda dynasty was first nin Kshatriya dynasty.
• The first ruler Mahapadma Nanda who asarped the throne of kalashoka.

MAHAPADMA NANDA (4TH CENTURY BC)

• He is called the first historical emperor of India.
• He murdered kalashoka to become the King.
• His origins are not clear. As per the Puranas , he was the son of the last shisunaga king from a Sudra woman. As per some Jain texts and Greek writer curtius, he was the son of s barber and a courtesan.
• He is also called "sarva kashtriyataka" destroyer of all the Kshatriyas and Ekrut.
• The empire grew under the reign.
• It ran from the kuru country in the north to the godavari valley in the south and from Magadha in the east to Narmada in the west.
• He conquered many kingdoms including Kalinga.

DHANA NANDA (329 BC - 321 BC)

• He was the last Nanda ruler.
• He is reterred to as agrammes or xandramed in Greek texts.
• Alexander invaded north-western india during his reign but he couldn't proceed towards the gangetic plains because of his army refusal.
• He inherited a huge empire from his father, he passessed a standing army of 200000 infantry, 20000 cavalry, 3000 elephants and 2000 chariots. Because of this, he was became a powerful ruler.
• He is said to be one of the 8 or 9 sons of Mahapadma Nanda.
• He became unpopular with his subjects owing to an oppressive way of extorting taxes, Also his Sudra origins and an anti kshatriya policy led to a large number of enemies.
• Finally he was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya along with chanakya, which led to the foundation of the Maurya empire in Magadh.

MAGADHA EMPIRE (SHISUNAGA DYNASTY)

 SHISUNAGA DYNASTY

Shisunaga (413 BC - 395 BC)

• According to Sri lankan chronicles, the people of magadha revolted during the reign of Nagadasaka and placed an amatya (minister) named shisunaga as King.
• Was the viceroy of kasi before becoming king of magadha.
• Capital was at Girivraja.
• He annexed Avanti and brought an end to the long rivalry between Magadha and Avanti.
• Later shifted the capital to Vaishali.

Kalashoka ( 395 BC - 365 BC )

• He was son of shisunaga.
• Kalashoka shifted the capital to Patliputra.
• He conducted the second Buddhist council t vaishali.
• He was killed in a palace revolution that brought the nanda dynasty to the throne.

Magadha Empire (Haryanka Dynasty)

 MAGADHA EMPIRE

Background of Magadha Empire

• The four Mahajanapadas - Magadha, koshala, Avanti, Vatsa were vying for supremacy from the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC.
• Finally, Magadha emerged victoriously and was able to gain sovercighty.
• It became the most powerful State in ancient India.
• Magadha is situated in modern bihar.
• Jarasandha, who was a descendant of brihadratha founded the Empire in Magadha.
• Both are talked about in the Mahabharata.

There was three dynasty ruled over the Magadha Empire.

1.Haryanka Dynasty.

2.Shisunaga Dynasty.

3.Nanda Dynasty.

HARYANKA DYNASTY

1. BIMBISARA (544 BC TO 492 BC)

• Founder of Haryanka Dynasty.
• Contemporary and follower of the Buddha and an admirer of Mahavira.
• Had his capital at Girivraja ( rajgir - he built the city).
• Also known as seniya ( the first using to have a standing army).
• He started the practice of using matrimonial alliances.
• He had three wives:- kosaldevi(king of kisalas doughter and the sister of prasanjit- got kushi as the dowry), chellana ( doughter of the lichchhavi chief of the vaisali), khema (doughter of the king of misra, Punjab).
• He conquered Anga.

2.AJATASATRU (492 BC TO 460 BC)

• Son of bimbisara and chellana.
• He killed his father and became ruler.
• He followed aggressive policy-gained control are kushi by attacking his maternal uncle Prasenjit.
• Embraced Buddhism.
• He convened the first Buddhist council at Rajgriha just after the death of Buddha in 483 BC.
• Won wars against vajji , kosala and vaisali.
• He built fort of Rajgriha and jaladurga at patli (bank of river Ganga).

3.UDAYIN (460 BC - 440 BC )

• Son of ajatasatru.
• Shifted the capital to pataliputra (patna).
• Succeeded by three kings, Aniruddha, Manda and Nagadasaka respectively who all were weak.

 16 Mahajanapadas

1.

Mahajanapada:- Anga

• Capilatal:- Champa
• Modern location:-Munger and Bhagalpur
• Significance:- Anga mahajanapada finds reference in the Mahabharata and Atharvaveda. During the rule of bimbisara, it was taken over by Magadha empire,it is situated in present day bihar and West Bengal.

2.

Mahajanapada:-Magadha.

• Capital:- Girivraja/Rajgriha.
• Modern location:- Gaya and Patna.

• Significance:- Magadha finds mention in the Atharvaveda which conveys that Magadha was semi Brahmanical habitation. It was located in present day Bihar close to Anga, divided by river champa. Later Magadha became a center of Jainism and the first Buddhist council was held in rajagriha.

3.

Mahajanapada:- kasi.

• Capital:- varanasi.
• Modern location:- varanasi.
• Significance:- it was located in varanasi, this city got its name from river Varuna and Asi ad cited in the matsya Purana.

4.

Mahajanapada:- Vatsa.

• Capital:- Kaushambi.
• Modern location:- Allahabad.
• Significance:- vatsa is also known as vamsa, this mahajanapada followed the monarchical form of governance.
• This was a central city for economic activities. There were a prosperous trade and business scenario in 6th century BC.
• After the rise of Buddha, the ruler udayana made Buddhism a state religion.
• Vatsa was located around the present day Allahabad.

5.

Mahajanapada:- Kosala.

• Capital:- Shravasti.
• Modern location:- Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Awadh region.

6.

Mahajanapada:- Shurasena

• Capital:- Mathura.
• Modern location:- western Uttar Pradesh.
• Significance:- this place was a center of Krishna worship at the time of meghasthenes. Also, there was a dominant followership of Buddha here.

7.

Mahajanapada:- panchala.

• Capital:- Ahichchatra and kampilya.
• Modern location:- western Uttar Pradesh.
• Significance:- It's capital for northern Panchala was Ahichchatra and kampilya for its southern region.
• Later the nature of governance shifted from monarchy to republic.

8.

Mahajanapada:- Kuru

• Capital:- Indraprastha.
• Modern location:- meerut and southeast Haryana.
• Significance:- The area around kurukshetra was apparently the site for Kuru mahajanapada. It moved to a republic from of governance.

9.

Mahajanapada:- matsya

• Capital:- viratnagar.
• Modern location:- Jaipur.
• Significance:- it was situated to the west of the panchalas and South of the Kurus, it was situated around present day Jaipur.

10.

Mahajanapada:- chedi.

• Capital:- sothivati.
• Modern location:- Bundelkhand.
• This was cited in the Rigveda.

11.

Mahajanapada:- Avanti.

• Capital:- Ujjaini or mahismati.
• Modern location:- Malwa and Madhya Pradesh.
• Avanti was significant in relation to the rise of Buddhism.

12.

Mahajanapada:- Gandhara.

• Capital:- Taxila.
• Modern location:- Rawalpindi.
• Gandhara is cited in the Atharvaveda
• The people were highly trained in the art of war.
• It was significant for international commercial activities.

13.

Mahajanapada:- kamboja.

• Capital:- rajpura
• Modern location:- rajori (Jammu and Kashmir) and Hajra (pakistan).
• It was situated in present day Kashmir and hindukush.
• Several literary sources mention that kamboja was a republic.

14.

Mahajanapada:- Ashmaka or Assaka.

• Capital:- potsna/paithan
• Modern location:- Bank of godavari.

15.

Mahajanapada:- vajji.

• Capital:- vaishali.
• Modern location:- Bihar.
• The main races residing in this Mahajanapadas were licchuvis, vedehans, jnatrikas, and vajjis.

16.

Mahajanapada:- Malla

• Capital:- kusinagar/pava.
• Modern location:- Deoria and Uttar Pradesh.
• It finds a reference in Buddhist and Jain texts and Mahabharata.
• Malla was a republic region.

 The Mahajanapadas

• Angutara Nikaya, a Buddhist scripture- 16 great kingdoms or Mahajanapadas at the beginning of 6th century BC in India.
• Emergence during the Vedic Age.
• Emergence mainly due to the development of eastern Uttar Pradesh during the 6th and 4th century BCE where agriculture florished due to the availability of fertile lands and iron production increased due to availability of iron ore in large quantities.
• Thus resulted in the expansion of the territories of the janapadas and later addressed as 16 highly developed regions or the Mahajanapadas.

Emergence

• The Janapada - The major kingdom of Vedic period.
• Aryans - The most powerful tribes and were called as "Janas" , jana means 'people'  , pada means 'foot'.
• By 6th century BC , there are 22 different janapadas.
• Socio-economic development chiefly due to the use of iron tools in agriculture and military, along with religious and political developments lend to the rise of the Mahajanapadas from small kingdoms or janapadas.
• During that period, the political centre shifted from the west of the indo gangetic plains to the eastern side of it.
• This was due to better fertility of the land became of more rainfall and rivers. This region was closer to iron production centres.

 Spread and architecture of Jainism

Spread of Jainism

• Mahavira organised an order of his followers with admitted both men and women.
• Jainism did not very clearly mark itself out from Hinduism, therefore it spread gradually into west and South India where brahminical order was weak.
• The great mauryan king Chandragupta Maurya, during his last year became a jain ascetic and promoted Jainism in Karnataka.
• Famine in Magadha led to the spread of Jainism in South India.
• The famine lasted for 12 year and in order to protect themselves, many Jain's  went to South India under the leadership of bhadrabahu.
• In Orissa it enjoyed the patronage of Kalinga king of a Kharavela.

Architecture of Jainism

• Lenya /gumphas (caves)

1. Ellora caves, Maharashtra.
2. Mangi Tungi cave, Maharashtra.
3. Gajpantha cave, Maharashtra.
4. Udaygiri khandagiri caves, Odisha.
5. Hathi gumpha caves, Odisha.
6. Sittanavasal cave, Tamilnadu.

• Statues

1. Gometeshwara / Bahubali statue- Karnataka.
2. Statue of Ahimsa (Rishabhatha)- mangi Tungi hills, Maharashtra.

• Jianalaya (Temple)

1. Dilwara temple- Mount Abu, Rajasthan.
2. Girnar and palitana temple- Gujarat.
3. Muktagiri temple- Maharashtra.

• Others

💥Manastambha- It is found in the front side of the temple, having religious importance with an ornamental pillar structure carrying the image of Tirthankara on top and on all four cardinal directions.

💥Basadis -- Jain monastic establishment or temples in Karnataka.

 Jain literature and councils

Jain literature

Jain literature is classified into two major categories: 

1. Agam aur canonical literature (Agana sutras)

• Agam literature consists of many texts, which are the sacred books of the Jain religion.
• They are written in the ardha-magadhi, a form of Prakrit language.

2. Nan-Agam literature

• Nan-Agam literature consists of commentary and explanation of Agam literature and independent works compiled by ascetics and scholars.
• They are written in many languages Such as Prakrit, Sanskrit, apabhramsa, old Marathi ,Rajasthani, Gujarati ,Hindi ,Tamil, German and English.

Sacred literature written in Prakrit called Ardha-magadhi

• 12 Angad
• 12 upangas
• 10 parikrama
• 6 chhedasutras
• 4 mulasutras
• 2 sutra granthas
• 14 purvas/parvas- part of 12 Angas and oldest of mahaviras preachings.

Other important jain literature

• Kalpasutra (Sanskrit)- written by bhadrabahu.
• Bhadrabahu charita.
• Parishishta parvan- written by hemachandra.

Councils

First jain council

• The first council was held at pataliputra in 3rd century BC. Under patronage of Chandragupta Maurya and was presided by sthulabhadra.

Second Jain council

• It was held at vallabhi in 512 AD. And was presided by Devardhi kshmasramana.
• Final compilation of 12 Angas and 12 upangas.

 Sect of Jainism

1. Digambara
2. Svetambara

• Jain order has been divided into two major sect: Digambara and Svetambara.
• The division occurred mainly due to famine in magadha which compelled a group led by bhadrabahu to move south india.
• During the twelve years famine, the group in South India stick to the strick practices while the group in magadha adopted a more lax attitude and started wearing white clothes.
• After the end of famine, when the southern group come back to magadha , the changed practice led to the division of Jainism into two sect.

1. Digambara

• Monks of this sect believe in complete nudity.
• Male monks do not wear clothes while female monks wear unstitched plain white sarees.
• Follow all five vows,(satya, Ahimsa,Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacharya).
• Believe women can't achieve liberation.
• Bhadrabahu was an exponent of this sect.

Major sub-sects of Digambara

 Doctrines and feature of Jainism

• Triratna:

1. Samyak  Shraddha/ Vishwas (Right faith). Belief in tirthankaras.
2. Samyak jnan ( Write knowledge). Knowledge of jain creed.
3. Samyak Karma/Acharan (right Action/conduct). Practice of 5 vows of Jainism.

• Panch Mahavartas (5 Vows):

1. Ahimsa (Non injury).
2. Satya (Non lying).
3. Asteya (Non stealing).
4. Aparigraha (Non possession).
5. Brahmacharya (chastity).

• Types of knowledge:

1. Mati jnan: knowledge obtained by normal means of mind and senses.
2. Shruta jnan: knowledge obtained by signs, symbols, words, hearings, scripture.
3. Avadhi jnan: knowledge obtained without means of mind and senses. The person visualised past, present and future. It is spiritual knowledge.
4. Mahaparyuya jnan: knowledge obtained through other living beings.
5. Keval jnan: it is nature of the soul, once this stage is realised, the soul will attain final liberation when remaining life comes to an end. ( Tirthankaras and arunants are such persons possessing Keval jnan).

• Syadvad (Theory of may be)

1. All our judgements are necessarily relative, conditional and limited.
2. According to the syadvad, seven modes of prediction are possible (saptabhangi nyayvada).
3. Absolute affirmation and absolute negation both are wrong.
4. All judgements are conditional.
5. Syadvad is also known as Anektavada.

• Principles of Jainism preached by Mahavira

1. Rejected the authority of Vedas and vedic rituals.
2. Din not believed in existence of God.
3. Believed in karma and transmigration of soul.
4. Laid great emphasis on equality.

Important facts about Jainism:

• Belief in God: Jainism recognised the existence of God but placed them lower than jina (Mahavira).
• It didn't condemn the varna system but attempted to mitigate the evil of the varna order and the ritualistic Vedic religion. 
• According to Mahavira, a person is born in higher or Lower varna as the consequence of the sins or the virtues in the previous birth. Thus, Jainism believed in the transmigration of the sins or the virtues in the previous birth. Thus, Jainism believed in the transmigration of the soul and the theory of karma.
• Jainism didn't very clearly mark itself out from Hinduism.

 Jainism

Origin of Jainism

• Jainism is a very ancient religion. As per some traditions, it is old as the Vedic religion.
• There were 24 tirthankararas the last of which was Vardhaman Mahavira.
• The first tirthankar is believed to be rishabhanath or rishabhadev.
• The 23rd tirthankara was parshvanath who was born in varanasi.
• He may have lived in the 8th or 7th century BC.
• All the tirthankaras were Kshatriyas by birth.

Life of Mahavira

Vardhaman Mahavira:

• Last Tirthankara, he was born in 540 BC;(widely accepted), he was born at kundagrama near vaisali.
• His parents were Kshatriyas.
• Father: Siddharth (head of Jnatrika clan)
• Mother: Trishala ( sister of lichchhavi chief Chetaka; chetakas doughter married Haryanka King bimbisara).
• He was married to yasoda.
• Doughter: Anojja or priyadarshana.
• At the age of 30, Vardhaman Mahavira renounced his home and became a wandering ascetic.
• He also observed self-mortification.
• He was accompanied by Makkholi gosala but later due to some difference gosala left him and founded ajivika sect.

Kaivalya

• After the age of 42, he attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kevala jnan.
• He attained this at Jimbhikagrama village. under a sal tree at the bank of river Rijupalika. This is called Kaivalya.
• There after, he was called Mahavira, the brave.     
• Jina or jitendriya (one who conquered     his senses).

1. Nigrantha (free from all bonds).
2.  Arihant (blessed one).
3.  Kevalin (perfect learned).

• Mahavira delivered his sermon at pava.
• He founded jain Sangha at pava (jain commune).
• At the age of 72 in 468 BC, Mahavira passed away at pavapuri near Biharsharif in Bihar.

 Origin, spread and decline of Buddhism

• Causes of the origin of the religiou movement

1. The Vedic philosophy had lost its original purity.
2. The Vedic religion had become very complex and had degenerated into superstitions, dogmas and rituals.
3. Supremacy of the Brahmans created unrestin the society, Kshatriyas reacted against Brahmans.
4. New agriculture economy.
5. The disire of Vaishyas to improve their social position with the increase in their economic position due to the growth of trade.

• Causes of the spread of Buddhism

1. Buddhas magnetic personality.
2. He taught in Pali which the masses understood as apposed to sanskrit.
3. He admitted people into the sangha irrespective of caste distinctions.
4. Initial sanghas were democratic and disciplined organisation.
5. The monks travelled different places preaching the teachings of Buddha.
6. It received royal patronage including from bimbisara, ajatshatru, Ashoka, Kanishka And Harshavardhana.

• Causes of decline of Buddhism in India

1. Split into Mahayana and hinayana weakened the religion.
2. There was corruption among the latter monks, They gave up austerity and indulged in luxuries, moral standards deteriorated.
3. Royal patronage for Buddhism declined after the end of the gupta dynasty around 650AD.
4. Orthodox Hinduism became more popular especially due to the work of kunarila Bhatt and Adi Shankara.
5. The invasion by the Huns and later by the Islamic further declined the influence of Buddhism in the subcontinent.

 Buddhist literature

Buddhist literature available in india, can be divided into two prominent categories

1. Prakrit and pali literature.
2. Sanskrit literature.

Note: lord Buddha gave his sermons in Pali and hence the early Buddhist literature developed in Pali.

Tripitaka

The most important among the early Buddhist literature is the tripitaka.

Also known as the Threefold basket, they include; Vinaya pitaka,sutta pitaka and Abbhidhamma pitaka.

These, contain several books in them.

Vinaya pitaka

Contains the rules of the order of Buddhist monks which must be observed for achiving purity of conduct. 

Hence it is also called the book of discipline. 

It, in turn has three books which are suttavibhanga, khandhaka and parivara.

Sutta pitaka

Lays down the principles of religion.

It is divided into five groups called the Nikayas. 

These include, Digha,majjhima, samyatta, Anguttara and Khuddaka.

Abbhidhamma pitaka

The latest of the tripitaka. 

It contains explosion on the scholastic philosophy.

which include discourses on various subjects, such as ethics, psychology, theories of knowledge and metaphysical problems.

Jatakas

Give an account of the former existences of the Buddha. They contain 547 poems.

These are mentioned in the Khuddaka nikaya. 

In sanskrit, they are known as the jatakamala, in Chinese they are known as sadok.

Milindapanha

It means "questions of milinda". 

It contains a dialogue between milinda who was the Graeco-bactrian King menander and the monk nagasena over some problems of Buddhism. It was originally written in Sanskrit.

The two famous ceylonese chronicles

Mahavamsa and dipavamsa. The former deals with the royal dynasties of Indian subcontinent including Sri Lanka and its known as the world's.

Largest unbroken historical accounts while the latter deals with the arrival of the Buddha's teachings and preachers in Sri Lanka.

Sanskrit literature

Sanskrit literature became prominent in Buddhism with the rise of mahayana Buddhism.

However, some of the sanskritic works were produced by the hinayana school as well.

Mahavastu

Believed to be the most important work of the hinayana school. It is collection of stories and different parts of it were composed in different periods.

However, by including the details of miracles and earlier lives of the Buddha, it also displays some mahayanic thought.

Lalitavistara

Believed to be one of the most sacred of mahayanic texts. It deals with the biography of the Buddha.

Buddhacharita

Written by Asvaghosa. It's an epic style sanskrit work. It tells the life history of gautam buddha.

Mahavibhasa sastra

Written by vasumitra.

It's also linked to the samkhya and vaisheshikha philosophies of Hinduism, a port from Buddhism.

Udanavarga

It contains verses which are attributable to the Buddha and his disciples.

Vajrayana Buddhist literature

Its known as the Buddhist tantras. They are subdivided into -

1. Kriya tantras: focus on ritual action.
2. Charya tantras: centred on the workship of Buddha vairocana (celestial Buddha).
3. Yoga tantras: they too focus on vairocana.
4. Anuttara tantras: focus on mental transformation rather than on ritual actions.

 Buddist councils

• The council held under the patronage of various rulers and chaired by different monks.
• The agenda of these councils was to conserve the sanctity of Buddhism and to spread the religion.
• In total, six councils have been held in Buddhism.

1. First Buddhist council: 483 BC

• Please:  Sattapanni caves in rajgriha.
• Patron: king ajatshatru (haranyska Dynasty)
• Chairman: monk mahakasyapa.
• The agenda: To preserve the teachings(sutta) of the Buddha and the monastic discipline and guidelines for monks(Vinaya).
• It was held Just after the death of the Buddha.
• Result: Suttas and Vinaya were recited by the monks Ananda and upali respectively.

2.Second Buddhist council: 383 BC

• Place: vaisali
• Patron: kalasoka ( shisunaga dynasty)
• Chairman: sabakami
• Agenda: To settle the disagreements of different subdivisions.
• Result: schisms into sthaviravadins and mahasanghika.

3.Third Buddhist council 250BC

• Place: pataliputra in the magadha Kingdom.
• Patron: Emperor Ashoka.
• Chairman: moggaliputta Tissa
• Agenda: To analyse the different schools of Buddhism and to purify them.
• Result: compilation of abbhidhamma potaka and Ashoka sent several groups to different countries to spread Buddhism after this council.

4.Fourth Buddhist council: 72AD

• Place: Kashmir.
• Patron: Emperor Kanishka
• Chairman: vasumitra and Asvaghosa.
• Agenda: The reconciliation of various conflicts between different schools of thought.
• Result: Division of Buddhism into hinayana and Mahayana sects.

5.Fifth Buddhist council: 1871

• Place: Mandalay in Myanmar, then called Burma.
• Patron: king Mindon of the Kingdom of Burma.
• Chairman: jagarabhivamsa, narindabhidhaja, and sumangalasami.
• Agenda: To recite all the Buddhist learning and scratinize them in minuscule details.
• This council is largely not recognised outside of Myanmar as no major Buddhist countries apart from Burma had representatives attending the council.

6.Six Buddhist council: 1954

• Place: Kaba aye in Yangon (Rangoon), Myanmar (Burma).
• Patron: prime minister U.Nu of the republic of Myanmar.
• Chairman: mahadi sayadaw  and bhadanta vicittasarabhivsmsa.
• Agenda: To upload and preserve the authentic Dhamma and Vinaya of buddhism.
• A special maha passana Guha (cave) was built in Myanmar which was similar to the cave where the first Buddhist was held.